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...A Forum for American Indian Issues...
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Treaties 
Tue Nov 15, 2011 at 18:45:44 PM PST
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In 1821 Mexico obtained independence from Spain. In the Plan of Iguala, Mexico did away with all legal distinctions regarding Indians and reaffirmed that Indians were citizens of Mexico on an equal basis with non-Indians. In what is now New Mexico and Arizona, this means that the various Navajo bands now had to deal with the Mexican government rather than the Spanish government.
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Mon Oct 10, 2011 at 19:58:55 PM PDT
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A treaty is an agreement between two or more sovereign nations. Under the U.S. Constitution, Indian tribes are considered sovereign nations-or as dependent domestic nations, in the words of the Supreme Court-and thus the United States negotiated treaties with the tribes in order to obtain title to Indian land and open Indian lands to non-Indian settlement.
Following the Civil War, Congress authorized the formation of a Peace Commission composed of three generals and four civilians to negotiate a series of treaties with the Indian nations. The Peace Commission sought to have the Indian nations settle on reservations away from the railroads and American settlements. These reservations were to be large enough to allow the Indians to continue to support themselves with hunting, but as they became more proficient as farmers, the size of the reservations was to be reduced. The government was also to provide the Indians with missionary instruction in Christianity. As a Christian nation, the United States felt that it had an obligation to convert Indians to Christianity and to prohibit aboriginal pagan religions.
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Fri Sep 16, 2011 at 07:27:36 AM PDT
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By the mid-nineteenth century, the American obsession with private property was guiding policies regarding American Indians. The idea that Indian people held property-that is, land-in common rather than having individuals own it, was repulsive to Americans. In 1850, the policy of "civilizing" Indians was described this way by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs:
"When civilization and barbarism are brought into such relation that they cannot coexist together, it is right that the superiority of the former should be asserted and the latter compelled to give away. It is, therefore, no matter of regret or reproach that so large a portion of our territory has been wrested from its aboriginal inhabitants and made the happy abode of an enlightened and Christian people."
The following year, the Secretary of the Interior (that is, the top U.S. official in charge of Indian Affairs) stated:
"You must tie him down to the soil. You must make him understand the value of property and the benefits of its separate ownership. You must appeal to those selfish principles implanted by Divine Providence in the nature of man for the wisest purposes and make them minister to civilization and refinement."
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Sat Jul 02, 2011 at 16:07:43 PM PDT
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In 1855, concerned about a potential Indian uprising, American settlers in the Puget Sound area of Washington formed four companies of soldiers. One of these companies, Eaton's Rangers, attempted to apprehend Nisqually chief Leschi. Leschi and his brother Quiemuth were peacefully cultivating their wheat fields when the Rangers moved in. Warned of the Rangers' approach, Leschi and Quiemuth fled their homes. This action by the Rangers against peaceful Indians started the Puget Sound War. Following this initial incident, the Rangers then roamed the country harassing peaceful Indians.
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Fri Jul 01, 2011 at 15:50:46 PM PDT
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In 1846, the United States took control of New Mexico and Arizona. The United States Army under the leadership of General Stephen Watts Kearny occupied the territory which had been acquired from Mexico. One of the major priorities of the new regime was to "pacify" the Navajo who had been raiding against the Spanish settlements in the area. However, instead of bringing peace, federal government actions often brought increased warfare. The American army made it clear that they intended to side with the European settlers without examining the causes for the hostilities. The army refused to recognize that the Indians had often been the victims of unfriendly European settlers.
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Mon Apr 25, 2011 at 15:51:47 PM PDT
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In 1855, Washington Territorial governor Isaac Stevens set out to prepare the territory for an influx of American settlers. In order to make way for these settlers, the American government had to obtain title to the land from the Indian Nations who owned it and to move the tribes out of the way of the settlers and the railroad that would open up the territory.
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Wed Mar 30, 2011 at 20:29:47 PM PDT
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When the United States divided Oregon Territory into Washington Territory and Oregon Territory in 1853, western Montana was included in Washington Territory. President Millard Fillmore appointed Isaac I. Stevens as the territorial governor of Washington. Stevens immediately began an aggressive plan to deprive the Indian nations within the territory of title to their lands. Western Montana was not high on his priority list and so he did not arrive there to "negotiate" treaties until 1855.
Governor Stevens considered the western Montana tribes-the Flathead (also called the Bitterroot Salish), the Pend d'Oreilles (also called the Upper Kalispel), and the Kootenai-to be unimportant. His goal was to consolidate them, together with other tribes in eastern Washington Territory, on a single reservation.
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Thu Mar 17, 2011 at 13:56:10 PM PDT
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( - promoted by navajo)
In 1853 the United States divided Oregon Territory into two territories: Washington and Oregon. President Millard Fillmore appointed Isaac I. Stevens as the territorial governor of Washington. Stevens immediately began an aggressive plan to deprive the Indian nations within the territory of title to their lands. He was a Jacksonian Democrat and a veteran of the Mexican War. Like many others in the American government, he viewed Indians as racially inferior and as impediments to the expansion of civilization. During 1854-1855, Stevens held treaty councils throughout the new territory and set the stage for a series of Indian wars.
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Mon Feb 28, 2011 at 22:07:31 PM PST
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( - promoted by navajo)
A treaty is simply an agreement between two sovereign nations. The Constitution indicates that Indian tribes are nations and thus the United States entered into many treaties with Indian nations. In 1853 Isaac I. Stevens was appointed Governor of the newly created Washington Territory by President Franklin Pierce. The appointment was a reward for Stevens' support of Pierce's presidential candidacy. One of Stevens' first tasks was to "negotiate" or impose treaties on the Indian nations of Western Washington.
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Sat Nov 06, 2010 at 09:36:41 AM PDT
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Under the Constitution, Indian tribes are seen as sovereign nations and thus the United States negotiated treaties with Indian tribes. These are not treaties which ended wars, but rather they are agreements concerning peace, and, most frequently, the sale of Indian lands to the United States. In the treaty process, the United States usually ignored traditional tribal concepts of government in order to install puppet dictatorships. In addition, the United States often misrepresented, or misinterpreted, the treaties with deadly consequences for both the tribes and the American settlers. One example of this can be seen in the 1863 treaty with the Nez Perce which laid the foundation for the 1877 Nez Perce War.
The purpose of the treaty was ostensibly to protect the Nez Perce from illegal non-Indian settlement in their territory. In order to protect them, the size of their territory was reduced. The treaty was signed by 51 Nez Perce men, giving it the appearance of Nez Perce support, but the only ones who signed were U.S. government-supported chiefs and sub-chiefs.
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Thu Jan 21, 2010 at 16:23:00 PM PST
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( - promoted by navajo)
A treaty is simply an agreement between two sovereign nations. In the American political system, a treaty involves three basic steps:
(1) First, there is negotiation. Representatives from the U.S. government meet with representatives of the other governments, discuss mutual concerns, and arrive at some sort of agreement.
(2) This is then followed by Senate confirmation. The Senate, according to the Constitution, advises the President on international matters. Thus, the Senate has the opportunity to debate and discuss the agreement, and to confirm it.
(3) Finally it is signed-proclaimed-by the President.
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Fri Dec 21, 2007 at 07:52:39 AM PST
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I've been working so hard the past couple of weeks that I don't know what the local talk is about this - none of my phone calls this morning found anyone I needed at their offices or home. My brother-in-law is at a conference in Rapid City and will be home Sunday, so I should be able to learn some from him then if not before.
Will update then. Meanwhile. . . .
"I want to emphasize, we do not represent the collaborators, the Vichy Indians and those tribal governments set up by the United States of America to ensure our poverty, to ensure the theft of our land and resources," Means said, comparing elected tribal governments to Nazi collaborators in France during World War II.
Rodney Bordeaux, chairman of the Rosebud Sioux Tribe, said his community has no desire to join the breakaway nation. Means and his group, which call themselves the Lakota Freedom Delegation, have never officially pitched their views to the Rosebud community, Bordeaux said.
"Our position on that is we need to uphold the treaties, and we're constantly reminding Congress of that message," Bordeaux said. "We're pushing to maintain and to keep the treaties there because they're the basis of our relationship with the federal government."
argusleader.com
Comments at the Argus Leader
Comments at Rapid City Journal
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Press Release
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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
DECEMBER 20, 2007
9:02 AM
CONTACT: Lakota Freedom
Naomi Archer, Communications Liaison
(828) 230-1404
lakotafree@gmail.com or press@lakotafreedom.com
Threaten Land Liens, Contested Real Estate Over Five State Area in U.S.West; Dakota Territory Reverts back to Lakota Control According to U.S., International Law.
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